721.101
Federal Act
on Water Retaining Facilities
(Water Retaining Facilities Act, WRFA)
of 1 October 2010 (Status as of 1 July 2023)
Preamble
The Federal Assembly of the Swiss Confederation,
on the basis of Article 76, paragraph 3 of the Federal Constitution1,
and having considered the Federal Council Dispatch dated 9 June 20062,
decrees:
Chapter 1 General Provisions
Art. 1 Purpose
This Act regulates the safety of water retaining facilities and liability for damage caused by the release of water from water retaining facilities.
Art. 2 Scope
This Act applies to water retaining facilities which meet the following specifications:
the storage height above the low-water level of the reservoir or above ground level is at least 10 metres;
the storage height is at least 5 metres and the reservoir has a storage capacity of more than 50,000 cubic metres.
The federal supervisory authority (Art. 22) may:
declare water retaining facilities that are smaller than specified above to be subject to this Act if they have a particular risk potential;
exclude water retaining facilities from the scope of this Act if it is demonstrated that they do not have a particular risk potential.
Art. 3 Definitions
Water retaining facilities are installations designed to dam or store water or mud. They are also structures intended to retain sediment, ice and snow or for the temporary retention of water (retention basins).
Large water retaining facilities are installations:
with a storage height of at least 25 metres;
with a storage height of more than 15 metres and a storage capacity of more than 50,000 cubic metres;
with a storage height of more than 10 metres and a storage capacity of more than 100,000 cubic metres;
with a storage capacity of more than 500,000 cubic metres.
Art. 4 Water retaining facilities on bodies of water bordering neighbouring countries
For water retaining facilities on bodies of water bordering neighbouring countries, the Federal Council may stipulate special provisions or agree special provisions with the neighbouring countries.
For this purpose, the Federal Council may deviate from the provisions on the applicable legislation and place of jurisdiction specified in federal legislation or international treaties.
Chapter 2 Safety of Water Retaining Facilities
Section 1 Construction and Operation
Art. 5 Basic principles
Water retaining facilities must be designed, constructed and operated in accordance with the state of the art in science and technology so that their safety is guaranteed for all foreseeable operating and loading cases.
For the purpose of specifying measures, special attention must be paid as far as possible to the economically viable utilisation of hydropower. Measures are specified by the supervisory authority in consultation with the owner of the facility and, insofar as the measures concerned are of a structural nature and no agreement can be reached with the owner of the facility, following consultation with recognised specialists in the engineering and energy industries.
It must be possible to empty the reservoir in order to carry out inspections and maintenance operations and it must be possible to lower the level of water therein if there is any imminent threat. For this purpose, water retaining facilities must at least be equipped with a bottom outlet of adequate dimensions, or with bottom sluice gates of adequate dimensions. The Federal Council may permit exceptions for special categories of water retaining facilities.
It must be possible to divert floods safely when the reservoir is filled to its maximum capacity.
Art. 6 Planning approval and construction
Any person wishing to construct or modify water retaining facilities requires planning approval from the relevant licensing authority.
Where the construction or modification of an installation has to be approved on the basis of other legal provisions, at the same time as the decision on approval in accordance with those legal provisions a decision shall be made on whether to grant planning approval under this Act.
Planning approval must be granted if the technical safety requirements are complied with.
The application for planning approval must include all the information required to carry out the technical safety assessment.
The supervisory authority examines the application. If the supervisory authority is not the licensing authority, it shall inform the latter of the result of its technical safety assessment. If deemed necessary for ensuring the technical safety of the installation, the supervisory authority shall specify conditions concerning its construction.
When making its decision, the licensing authority considers the result of the technical safety assessment and the requested conditions for ensuring the technical safety of the installation.
The licensing authority shall order special structural measures if these are required to protect the installation against acts of sabotage.
During the construction phase, the supervisory authority shall verify whether the specified technical safety requirements are complied with.
Art. 7 Commissioning
In order for a water retaining facility to be commissioned or recommissioned, a licence must be obtained from the supervisory authority.
Applications for a licence must include all the information required to carry out a technical safety assessment.
The supervisory authority examines the information provided by the applicant and verifies whether the technical safety requirements are complied with. If deemed necessary to ensure the technical safety of the installation, the supervisory authority shall specify conditions concerning its commissioning and its operation.
Art. 8 Operation
The operator must ensure that:
the safety of the population and environment is guaranteed;
the outlet and relief works are adequate and functional.
The operator shall carry out all inspections, measurements and tests that are required to assess the condition and behaviour of the water retaining facility, and shall have the results evaluated without delay. The operator shall submit all corresponding reports to the supervisory authority.
The operator must:
maintain the water retaining facility properly, repair damage and rectify safety defects without delay;
retrofit or modify the facility if the supervisory authority requires such action in order to rectify safety defects;
permit the installation and use of national monitoring and measurement systems, and grant inspection bodies access to such systems.
The supervisory authority shall evaluate the reports and verify whether the technical safety requirements have been complied with. It shall also carry out periodical inspections of the facility.
If deemed necessary for ensuring the technical safety of the facility, the supervisory authority shall specify conditions for the continued operation of the facility.
Water retaining facilities must be monitored and maintained until such time as they are no longer able to retain or confine water, mud and other materials. If there is no operator, the owner of the land shall be responsible for these obligations.
Art. 9 Influence of other structures and installations on safety
Before an authority may decide on the construction or modification of a structure or installation which could have a negative impact on the safety of an existing water retaining facility, it shall consult the supervisory authority.
Section 2 Emergency Concept
Art. 10 Precautionary measures in the event of an emergency
The operator shall take precautions for the event that the safe operation of the water retaining facility can no longer be guaranteed as the result of behaviour anomalies, natural events or acts of sabotage.
In the event of an emergency, it must take all necessary measures to avoid endangering persons, property and the environment.
Art. 11 Water-alarm system
The operator of a water retaining facility with a storage capacity of more than 2 million cubic metres must operate and maintain a water-alarm system in the near zone.
The operator of a water retaining facility with a storage capacity of less than 2 million cubic metres which represents a high potential risk within its inundation zone must operate and maintain a water-alarm system in the near zone insofar as he is ordered to do so by the supervisory authority.
The term “near zone” refers to the area that would be flooded within two hours following a sudden total collapse of the facility.
Art. 12 Protection of the population in the event of an emergency
In the event of an emergency, with the aid of the available civil protection instruments and structures, the federal government, cantons and communes are responsible for distributing instructions to the population concerning the behaviour they should adopt and, if necessary, for their evacuation.
In the event of a military threat, the authority designated by the Federal Council may issue special instructions.
Chapter 3 Liability
Art. 13 Exemption from the scope of application of this Act
The provisions of this Chapter do not apply to water retaining facilities that serve the sole purpose of protecting against natural hazards.
Art. 14 Liability on the part of operators
The operator of a water retaining facility is liable for damage to persons and property that is caused when risks associated with the flow of large quantities of water, mud or other materials materialise.
The operator is also liable for costs, with the exception of loss of income, that are incurred as the result of measures ordered by the authorities to prevent or reduce an imminent threat.
Liability as operator applies to any person who owns, constructs or operates a water retaining facility. If the operator is not the owner of the facility, the latter shall be held jointly and severally liable with the operator.
The federal government, cantons, communes or other public bodies or institutions are also liable in accordance with the provisions of this Act if they operate water retaining facilities.
Art. 15 Exemption from liability
If the operator of a water retaining facility proves that the damage was due to force majeure, gross negligence on the part of the injured person, sabotage, acts of terrorism or acts of war, he shall be exempted from liability.
Art. 16 Applicability of the Swiss Code of Obligations
Insofar as this Act does not contain any special provisions, liability is governed by the provisions of the Swiss Code of Obligations3 on torts.
Art. 17 Securing of evidence in the event of major damage
In the event that major damage is caused, the Federal Council shall order an investigation.
The Federal Council shall make a public announcement requesting every person who has suffered damage to report the damage within three months, citing the date and location. In its public announcement, the Federal Council shall state that failure to comply with the specified deadline does not rule out any claim for compensation, but may hamper the subsequent assessment of the causal connection between the damage incurred and the release of water from a water retaining facility.
Art. 18 Coverage for liability risk
The cantons may stipulate that liability under this Act be covered, in part or in full, and in line with the type and extent of the associated risks, through the conclusion of insurance contracts or in another equivalent manner.
Art. 19 Large-scale damage
In the event of the occurrence of large-scale damage, the Federal Assembly may issue a compensation plan in the form of an ordinance.
There is large-scale damage if, as the result of a disaster, it has to be anticipated that:
the funds available to the persons who are liable and are required to cover liability risks to cover the damage are insufficient to meet all claims for compensation; or
it is not possible to carry out ordinary compensation proceedings due to the large number of claimants.
In its compensation plan, the Federal Assembly shall define the principles for the just distribution of all available funds for settling claims.
In its compensation plan, the Federal Assembly may:
deviate from the provisions of this Act or from other provisions governing compensation claims;
provide that the Federal Government will pay additional contributions to compensate uncovered damage and that payment thereof shall be made dependent on payments effected by the canton in which the water retaining facility is located;
regulate the procedures for the enforcement of its compensation plan and appoint an independent panel against whose rulings an appeal may be filed with the Federal Supreme Court.
The Federal Council shall take precautionary measures.
Art. 20 Modification of the payment obligation and apportionment contributions following large-scale damage
If an emergency situation should arise due to large-scale damage, the Federal Council has the power to issue specific regulations relating to private insurance, social insurance and public insurance concerning:
the modification of the payment obligation on the part of insurers;
the collection of apportionment contributions from insured persons;
the deduction of apportionment contributions from payments by insurers.
This authorisation does not apply to liability insurance.
Art. 21 Costs of measures taken by authorities
The costs of measures taken by the relevant authorities in order to protect against or reduce an imminent threat may be passed on to the operator and to the owner.
Chapter 4 Supervision and Legal Protection
Art. 22 Supervision by the Federal Government
The Federal Supervisory Authority shall supervise the enforcement of the provisions of this Act.
Large water retaining facilities are subject to direct supervision by the Federal Government.
The Federal Council shall designate the Federal Supervisory Authority.
Art. 23 Supervision by the cantons
The cantons shall supervise water retaining facilities that are not subject to direct supervision by the Federal Government.
The cantons shall designate their own supervisory authority.
Art. 24 Special circumstances
In special circumstances, the Federal Supervisory Authority may conclude a supervision agreement with the canton concerned, the provisions of which deviate from those cited in Articles 22 and 23 above.
In the event that several water retaining facilities form an operational unit and one of the facilities is subject to direct supervision by the Federal Government, then all facilities governed by that operational unit are subject to direct supervision by the Federal Government.
Art. 25 Co-operation requirement
In order to ensure that the supervisory authority is able to perform its duties, operators of water retaining facilities shall:
provide all requested information and all documentation;
place the necessary personnel and material at its disposal free of charge;
grant the supervisory authority free access at all times.
Art. 26 Reporting obligation
Persons responsible for the construction or operation of water retaining facilities must report all occurrences of relevance to safety to the supervisory authority without delay.
Art. 27 Assistance by third parties
The supervisory authority may call on the services of external specialists for assistance in performing its duties.
The associated costs are borne by the operator of the facility.
Art. 28 Supervision fee
To cover the costs of its supervisory activities that are not financed through direct charges, the federal supervisory authority collects an annual supervision fee.
The fee is paid by the operators of large water retaining facilities.
The amount of the supervision fee is based on the average costs for supervisory activities during the previous five years.
The Federal Council regulates the details and specifies the recoverable supervisory costs, and also designates the facilities that are not required to pay the fee.
Art. 29 Right of appeal
Appeals against decisions that are issued under this Act may be filed with the Federal Administrative Court.
The Federal Supervisory Authority may exercise the rights of appeal under federal and cantonal law against rulings by cantonal authorities in application of this Act and its implementing provisions.
Cantonal authorities shall notify the supervisory authority, immediately and free of charge, of its decisions that are subject to appeal.
Chapter 5 Criminal Provisions and Data Processing
Art. 30 Violation of safety regulations
Any person who:
wilfully constructs a defective water retaining facility, in particular by ignoring the required safety measures;
continues to operate a water retaining facility despite being aware that it has significant safety defects,
shall be liable to custodial sentence not exceeding three years or to a monetary penalty.4
…5
An offender who acts through negligence is liable to a custodial sentence not exceeding 3 years or to a monetary penalty.
Art. 31 Prosecution
Prosecution is the responsibility of the Federal Government.
The Federal Act of 22 March 19746 on Administrative Criminal Law applies.
The Federal Council designates the administrative authorities responsible for prosecution and adjudication.
Art. 32 Processing of personal data
The authorities responsible for enforcement process the personal data required for the application of this Act, including data concerning criminal prosecutions and sanctions.
They may store such data electronically, and may exchange data among themselves insofar as this is necessary for the uniform implementation of this Act.
Chapter 6 Final Provisions
Art. 33 Implementation
The Federal Council issues the implementing provisions.
Art. 34 Repeal of current legislation
The Federal Act of 22 June 18777 on the Hydraulic Engineering Inspectorate is repealed.
Art. 35 Referendum and commencement
This Act is subject to an optional referendum.
The Federal Council shall determine the commencement date.
Commencement Date:8 1 January 2013