Ordinance
on Combating Money Laundering
and Terrorist Financing
(Anti-Money Laundering Ordinance, AMLO)

In particular, the following are not deemed to be credit transactions pursuant to Article 2 paragraph 3 letter a AMLA:

1. borrowing;

2. the granting of credit free of interest and fees;

3. the granting of credit between a company and a shareholder, provided that the shareholder holds at least 10 per cent of the capital or voting rights in the company;

4. the granting of credit between employers and employees, provided that the employer is obliged to pay social security contributions for the employees involved in the credit relationship;

5. credit relationships between related parties (Art. 7 para. 5);

6. the granting of credit that is accessory to another legal transaction;

7. operating leasing;

8. contingent liabilities in favour of third parties;

9. commercial financing if its repayment is not made by the customer.

A payment transaction service within the meaning of Article 2 paragraph 3 letter b AMLA exists in particular if the financial intermediary:

1. transfers liquid financial assets to a third party on behalf of its customer and thereby takes physical possession of these assets, has them credited to its own account or orders the transfer of the assets in the name and on behalf of the customer;

2. assists in the transfer of virtual currencies to a third party, provided that it maintains a permanent business relationship with the customer or that it exercises power of disposal over virtual currencies on behalf of the customer, and it does not provide the service exclusively to appropriately supervised financial intermediaries;

3. issues or administers means of payment other than cash which its customer uses to make payments to third parties;

4. carries out the money or value transfer transaction.⁶

Means of payment other than cash include in particular:

1. credit cards;

2. travellers’ cheques;

3. virtual currencies that are actually used or are intended to be used by the organiser or issuer as a means of payment for the purchase of goods or services or serve the transfer of money and value.⁷

A money or value transfer transaction is the transfer of assets by accepting cash, precious metals, virtual currencies, cheques or other means of payment and:

1. the payment of a corresponding sum in cash, precious metals or virtual currencies; or

2. a cashless transfer via a payment or settlement system.

A trading activity within the meaning of Article 2 paragraph 3 letter c AMLA is deemed to be:

1. the purchase and sale for the account of third parties of banknotes, coins, foreign exchange and banking precious metals as well as the exchange of money;

2. trading for one’s own account coins and banknotes that are in circulation;

3. trading in commodities on an exchange for the account of third parties;

4. off-exchange trading in commodities for the account of third parties, provided that the commodities have such a high degree of standardisation that they can be liquidated at any time;

5. trading for one’s own account in banking precious metals.

Trading in securities is only considered a trading activity if it requires an authorisation in accordance with the Financial Institutions Act of 15 June 2018⁸ (FinIA).⁹

Accessory currency exchange is not considered a trading activity.

The following activities are deemed to be activities within the meaning of Article 2 paragraph 3 letters f and g AMLA if they are carried out for the account of a third party:¹⁰

1. the management of securities and financial instruments;

2. the execution of investment orders;

3. the safekeeping of securities;

4. the activity as a governing body of domiciliary companies.

For the purposes of this Ordinance, domiciliary companies are legal entities, companies, institutions, foundations, trusts, fiduciary undertakings and similar associations that do not engage in commercial or manufacturing business or other business conducted in a commercial manner.

Companies are not deemed to be domiciliary companies if:

1. they have as their object the safeguarding of the interests of their members or their beneficiaries by mutual self-help or pursue political, religious, scientific, artistic, charitable, social or similar purposes;

2. they hold a majority interest in one or more operationally active companies and their purpose is not primarily the management of third-party assets (holding companies).

A financial intermediary carries on its business on a professional basis if it:

1. thereby achieves gross proceeds of more than 50,000 francs per calendar year;

2. enters into business relationships with more than 20 customers per calendar year that are not limited to a one-off activity, or maintains at least 20 such relationships per calendar year;

3. has unlimited power of disposal over third-party assets that exceed 5 million francs in value at any given point in time; or

4. carries out transactions whose total volume exceeds 2 million francs per calendar year.

For the calculation of the transaction volume in accordance with paragraph 1 letter d, inflows of assets and regroupings within the same custody account shall not be taken into account. In the case of bilaterally binding contracts, only the consideration provided by the customer shall be taken into account.

Activities for institutions and persons in accordance with Article 2 paragraph 4 AMLA shall not be taken into account for the assessment of whether an intermediary is acting on a professional basis.

The activity for related persons shall only be taken into account for the assessment of whether an intermediary is acting on a professional basis if gross proceeds of more than 50,000 francs are achieved in the calendar year.

Related parties are defined as:

1. relatives by blood or by marriage in direct line;

2. relatives up to the third degree of collateral line;

3. spouses and registered partners;

4. co-heirs until completion of the division of the estate;

5. remaindermen in relation to estates and legacies pursuant to Article 488 of the Civil Code¹¹;

6. persons who live with a financial intermediary in a long-term cohabitation relationship.

Credit transactions in accordance with Article 2 paragraph 3 letter a AMLA are carried out on a professional basis if:

1. gross proceeds of more than 250,000 francs are generated in the calendar year; and

2. a credit volume of more than 5 million francs has been granted at any given point in time.

The gross proceeds of the credit transaction shall be deemed to be all income from credit transactions after deduction of the portion which serves as the credit repayment.

If a person engages in both credit transactions and another activity that qualifies him or her as a financial intermediary, the issue of a professional basis must be determined separately for each activity. If a professional basis applies to one activity, both activities are deemed to be carried out on a professional basis.

The transfer of money or value is always considered to be carried out on a professional basis, unless the activity is carried out for a related person and gross proceeds of no more than 50,000 francs per calendar year are generated.

For trading activities, the criterion under Article 7 paragraph 1 letter a shall be assessed on the basis of gross profit instead of gross proceeds.

Any person changing from a non-professional activity as a financial intermediary to an activity carried out on a professional basis as a financial intermediary in accordance with Article 2 paragraph 3 AMLA must:

1. immediately comply with the duties under Articles 3-11 AMLA; and

2. submit an application for affiliation to an SRO within two months of the change.

Until it has affiliated to an SRO, such a financial intermediary shall be prohibited from carrying out acts as a financial intermediary that go further than those that are mandatory for the preservation of assets.

If a financial intermediary that wishes to continue to act on a professional basis as a financial intermediary withdraws from or is excluded from an SRO, it must submit an application for affiliation to another SRO within two months of withdrawing or after the legally binding exclusion decision.¹³

Until receipt of the decision on the application, it may continue to carry on its activity only within the scope of the existing business relationships.

If it has not submitted an application to an SRO within the prescribed period or if it is refused affiliation, it shall be prohibited from continuing to act as a financial intermediary.¹⁴

A financial intermediary may not terminate a business relationship on its own initiative if the requirements for a report under Article 9 AMLA are met or if it exercises its right to report under Article 305^ter paragraph 2 of the Swiss Criminal Code¹⁶ (SCC).

If there are specific indications that freezing measures from an authority are imminent, the financial intermediary shall be prohibited:

1. from terminating a business relationship in respect of which it decides not to exercise the right to report under Article 305^ter paragraph 2 SCC, although the requirements are met;

2. from allowing the withdrawal of significant assets.

Except in the case provided for in Article 9b paragraph 1 AMLA, the financial intermediary may terminate the business relationship if:

1. the Money Laundering Reporting Office Switzerland (MROS) notifies the financial intermediary within 40 working days of a report being made under Article 9 paragraph 1 letter a AMLA or Article 305^ter paragraph 2 SCC¹⁷ that it is transmitting the reported information to a prosecution authority and the financial intermediary does not receive a ruling from the prosecution authority within five working days of this notification;

2. it does not receive a ruling from the prosecution authority within five working days of a report under Article 9 paragraph 1 letter c AMLA;

3. it is informed of the lifting of a freeze ordered by the prosecution authority on the basis of a report under Article 9 paragraph 1 AMLA or Article 305^ter paragraph 2 SCC, unless a prosecution authority informs it otherwise.

If the financial intermediary terminates a business relationship in respect of which it decides not to exercise the right to report under Article 305^ter paragraph 2 SCC, although the requirements are met, it may only permit the withdrawal of significant assets in a form that allows the prosecution authorities to follow their trail.

In the cases referred to in paragraph 1, the termination of the business relationship and the date of termination need not be communicated to MROS.

If a financial intermediary informs another financial intermediary that it has filed a report under Article 9 AMLA or Article 305^ter paragraph 2 SCC¹⁸, it shall record this fact in an appropriate form.

Persons who trade commercially in goods on behalf and for the account of third parties and, in doing so, accept cash are also considered to be dealers under Article 2 paragraph 1 letter b AMLA.

Trade is deemed to be commercial if it constitutes an independent economic activity pursued on a permanent, for-profit basis.

It is not decisive whether the trade is carried on as a main or secondary activity.

Goods are movable tangible property that may be the subject of a chattel sale under Article 187 of the Code of Obligations (CO)¹⁹ or immovable property that may be the subject of a sale of immovable property under Article 216 CO.

If dealers use a third party to settle the transaction and thereby accept the purchase price in cash, they must ensure, irrespective of their legal relationship with the third party, that the due diligence and reporting duties of Section 2 of this Chapter are complied with.

The dealer shall identify the customer at the time of conclusion of the contract by means of the following information:

1. surname and first name;

2. address;

3. date of birth; and

4. nationality.

If the customer originates from a country in which the use of dates of birth or addresses is not customary, this information shall be omitted.

The customer shall be identified by the dealer:

1. by having the customer present the original of an official identification document containing a photograph of the customer, namely a passport, an identity card or a driving licence;

2. by checking whether the identification document pertains to the customer;

3. by making a copy of the identification document; and

4. by noting on the copy that the original has been consulted.

If the customer is represented, its representative shall:

1. provide the information referred to in paragraph 1 if the customer is a natural person;

2. indicate the name and registered office of the customer if it is a legal entity or partnership.

The dealer shall establish the identity of the beneficial owner by enquiring of the customer or its representative whether the customer itself is the beneficial owner of the money.

If the customer is not the beneficial owner, the dealer shall require the customer or its representative to provide a written declaration as to who the beneficial owner is. Beneficial owners are deemed to be:

1. the natural persons for whose account the acquisition is made;

2. in the case of an acquisition for the account of a non-listed, operationally active legal entity or partnership:

   1. the natural persons who directly or indirectly, alone or in concert with third parties, hold at least 25 per cent of the capital or voting rights, or

   2. the natural persons who otherwise exercise control.

If no beneficial owners under paragraph 2 letter b can be identified, the identity of the most senior member of the executive body shall be established.

The dealer requires the following information to identify the beneficial owners:

1. surname and first name;

2. address;

3. date of birth; and

4. nationality.

Article 17 paragraph 2 applies mutatis mutandis.

For the written declaration in accordance with paragraph 2, it shall be sufficient if the information on the form or document in accordance with Article 21 is signed by the customer or its representative.

If a company does not have a beneficial owner in accordance with paragraph 2, in particular because of its legal form as an association or foundation under Swiss law, this shall be recorded accordingly.

The dealer shall verify the background to the transaction, namely the origin of the money, and the purpose of the transaction if it appears unusual or if there are indications of money laundering.

There are indications of money laundering in particular if:

1. the person pays predominantly with small denomination banknotes;

2. easily saleable goods with a high degree of standardisation are the main items purchased;

3. the person does not provide any information or provides insufficient information to identify him or herself in accordance with Article 17 or to establish the identity of the beneficial owner in accordance with Article 18;

4. the person makes obviously false or misleading statements;

5. there are doubts about the authenticity of the identity documents presented.

Verification shall be carried out by the dealer asking the customer or its representative about the background and the purpose of the transaction, assessing the plausibility of the information and recording the clarifications in writing.

There are reasonable grounds for suspicion that lead to a duty to report under Article 9 paragraph 1^bis AMLA if specific evidence or several indications lead to the assumption that the means for making a cash payment originate from a criminal offence and the suspicion cannot be dispelled on the basis of additional clarifications under Article 19.

A report must also be made even if the dealer is uncertain as to what specific offence the criminal act from which the means for making a cash payment originated constitutes.

The transmission of reports is governed by Article 3a paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of the Ordinance of 25 August 2004²⁰ on the Money Laundering Reporting Office Switzerland.²¹

The dealer shall use the form in Annex 1 or a comparable document to document compliance with the due diligence and reporting duties.

The following shall be entered on the form or in the document:

1. all information on customers obtained in accordance with Articles 17 and 18;

2. the result of the additional clarifications in accordance with Article 19;

3. whether a report has been made in accordance with Article 20.

The form or document shall be dated as of the date of the transaction and signed by the dealer.

It shall be retained for at least ten years.

The duty of the dealer under Article 15 AMLA to appoint an auditor exists independently of the duty to have the annual and, if applicable, the consolidated financial statements audited.

If the dealer does not have an auditor, the most senior management or administrative body shall appoint auditors in accordance with Article 5 or an audit firm in accordance with Article 6 of the Audit Oversight Act of 16 December 2005²² (AOA) to conduct the audit.