Climate regulation

Climate regulation includes emission targets, carbon pricing, energy-efficiency rules, building and transport measures, disclosure duties, adaptation planning and support for low-carbon technologies. In Switzerland it operates through federal climate and energy policy, sectoral regulation and international commitments, while cantons and municipalities influence buildings, land use and local adaptation. Legal issues include proportionality, distribution of costs, corporate reporting, public procurement and access to justice. Comparative systems differ in the mix of taxes, trading schemes, standards and litigation-based enforcement.