Patient rights

In Switzerland, patient rights arise from federal law, cantonal health law, professional duties and constitutional protections. Core elements include treatment only with valid consent, adequate information about diagnosis, risks and alternatives, respect for privacy, medical secrecy, access to the medical record, and continuity of care in emergencies. Hospitals and practitioners must also respect dignity and non-discrimination. Remedies may include internal complaints, cantonal supervisory procedures, civil liability or, in serious cases, criminal law.