Standard of proof

The standard of proof sets the level of certainty required to find a fact proven. It differs from the burden of proof, which identifies who must prove the fact. Swiss law uses different thresholds depending on the field and issue. Criminal conviction generally requires a very high level of conviction, while some interim or administrative matters may accept probability or credible showing. Civil proceedings often require full judicial conviction, with exceptions where strict proof is impracticable or the law provides a lighter threshold. Standards of proof manage the risk of error: higher standards reduce wrongful findings but may make valid claims or prosecutions harder to establish.