Enforcement of arbitral awards

Enforcement gives practical effect to an arbitral award, such as payment, delivery, or other performance. In cross-border matters, recognition and enforcement commonly rely on the New York Convention, subject to limited refusal grounds such as invalid arbitration agreement, lack of due process, excess of mandate, or public policy. In Switzerland, enforcement interacts with domestic debt collection and civil procedure mechanisms. A party should consider the debtor’s assets, the award’s finality, currency and interest issues, and whether interim asset-preservation measures are needed before or during enforcement.