Self-defense

Self-defense justifies conduct that would otherwise be unlawful when it is used to repel an unlawful attack. The classic requirements are an imminent or ongoing attack, a defensive purpose, necessity of the response and proportionality between the threat and the force used. Swiss law recognizes self-defense for protection of oneself or others, while excessive defense may be treated differently depending on the circumstances, including fear or shock. The doctrine does not authorize retaliation after the danger has passed, nor force against lawful official action except in narrow situations where the action is itself unlawful. Comparative systems vary in their treatment of retreat duties, defense of property and use of deadly force. The central inquiry is whether the defensive act was a legally acceptable response to the attack.