Judicial immunity

Judicial immunity protects independent decision-making by preventing disappointed litigants from suing judges personally for judicial acts. The doctrine is prominent in common-law systems; Swiss law addresses similar concerns through rules on state liability, judicial independence, disciplinary oversight, and recusal rather than a single broad label. Immunity does not protect corruption, private conduct, or acts outside judicial functions. Remedies for alleged judicial error normally lie in appeals, revision or recusal applications, and, where legally available, state liability claims. The concept also matters in international organizations, arbitration-related court functions, and cross-border enforcement debates.